•PCR premixes/reagents: Withstands 95°C thermal cycling, suppresses bubble interference in DNA polymerase reactions.

•Chemiluminescence reagents: Prevents foam-induced interference in light signal acquisition (e.g., acridinium ester systems).

•Automated liquid handling systems: Enables quick defoaming in sampling needles or pipelines (e.g., fully automated chemiluminescence analyzers).

•High-sensitivity immunoassays (e.g., ELISA, fluorescence immunoassays): Avoids residual defoamer interference with antigen-antibody binding or fluorescent backgrounds.

•Cell lysis buffers: Suppresses foam generated during nucleic acid/protein release while protecting enzyme activity (e.g., Proteinase K).

•Microfluidic chip reagents: Compatible with microchannel fluidics, prevents bubble clogging.

•Enzymatic reaction reagents (e.g., ALT/AST biochemical detection): Reduces enzyme denaturation at liquid-gas interfaces, maintains reaction linearity.

•Lyophilized reagent protectant: Suppresses foam during freeze-drying/reconstitution while stabilizing protein structures.

•Blood processing reagents: Prevents foam interference during hemolysis or centrifugation (e.g., serum separation gel).

•Initial Recommendation: 0.01%–0.05% (w/v), adjust based on foam severity.

•Precautions: Pre-dispersion (e.g., sonication) is required to prevent silicone oil aggregation; avoid combined use with cationic surfactants.

•Initial Recommendation: 0.005%–0.1% (w/v), effective at ultra-low concentrations; excessive amounts may cause system turbidity.

•Precautions: Compatible with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), but avoid high concentrations of calcium/magnesium ions.

•Initial Recommendation: 0.05%–0.2% (w/v), adjustable based on system viscosity (higher concentrations needed for high-viscosity systems).

•Precautions: Avoid use in hydrophobic protein systems (may form micelles and adsorb proteins).